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1962 science fantasy novel by Madeleine L'Engle

A Wrinkle in Time
WrinkleInTimePBA1.jpg

Kickoff-edition dust jacket
Author Madeleine L'Engle
Illustrator Ellen Raskin (1960s editions)
Country United States
Language English
Genre Immature Developed, Scientific discipline fantasy
Publisher Ariel Books

Publication appointment

 Jan 1, 1962
OCLC 22421788
LC Class PZ7.L5385 Wr 1962[1]
Followed by A Wind in the Door

A Wrinkle in Time is a young adult novel written past American writer Madeleine L'Engle. First published in 1962,[two] the book won the Newbery Medal, the Sequoyah Book Award, the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award, and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award.[3] [a] The main characters—Meg Murry, Charles Wallace Murry, and Calvin O'Keefe—commence on a journey through space and fourth dimension, from galaxy to milky way, as they endeavor to save the Murrys' begetter and the world. The novel offers a glimpse into the state of war between calorie-free and darkness, and adept and evil, as the young characters mature into adolescents on their journey.[4] The novel wrestles with questions of spirituality and purpose, as the characters are often thrown into conflicts of love, divinity, and goodness.[4] It is the first book in L'Engle's Time Quintet, which follows the Murrys and Calvin O'Keefe.

L'Engle modeled the Murry family on her ain. Scholar Bernice E. Cullinan noted that L'Engle created characters who "share common joy with a mixed fantasy and scientific discipline fiction setting."[5] The novel'due south scientific and religious undertones are therefore highly cogitating of the life of L'Engle.[half-dozen]

The book has inspired two film adaptations, both by Disney: a 2003 tv motion-picture show directed by John Kent Harrison, and a 2018 theatrical flick directed by Ava DuVernay.

Groundwork [edit]

Raised in the Upper Eastward Side of Manhattan, author Madeleine Fifty'Engle began writing at a immature age.[vii] After graduating from boarding school in Switzerland, she attended Smith College, where she earned a degree in English.[8] In add-on to writing, 50'Engle besides gained experience as an actor and playwright.[7] At historic period forty, she nearly abandoned her career equally a novelist, but continued to write after her publication of Meet the Austins.[7]

L'Engle wrote A Contraction in Fourth dimension between 1959 and 1960.[9] In her memoir, A Circle of Tranquillity (1972), 50'Engle explains that the book was conceived "during a time of transition."[10] After years of living in rural Goshen, Connecticut where they ran a general shop, L'Engle's family, the Franklins, moved back to New York City, first taking a ten-week camping ground trip across the country. Fifty'Engle writes that "we collection through a world of deserts and buttes and leafless mountains, wholly new and alien to me. And suddenly into my listen came the names, Mrs Whatsit. Mrs Who. Mrs Which."[11] This was in the leap of 1959. When asked for more than information in an interview with Horn Book magazine in 1983, L'Engle responded "I cannot possibly tell you how I came to write information technology. It was simply a book I had to write. I had no choice. Information technology was just afterwards information technology was written that I realized what some of it meant." L'Engle has as well described the novel every bit her "psalm of praise to life, [her] correspond life confronting death."[12]

Additionally, L'Engle drew upon her interest in science. The novel includes references to Einstein's theory of relativity and Planck'south quantum theory.[seven]

A Wrinkle in Time is the get-go novel in the Time Quintet, a series of five young adult novels written past Madeleine L'Engle.[13] Later books include A Wind in the Door, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, Many Waters, and An Acceptable Fourth dimension.[xiii] The series follows the adventures of Meg Murry, her youngest brother Charles Wallace Murry, their friend Calvin O'Keefe, and her twin siblings Sandy and Dennys Murry.[13] Throughout the series, the friends band together to travel through space and time as they attempt to save the world from the grasps of evil.[thirteen]

Publication history [edit]

Upon completion in 1960, the novel was rejected by at least 26 publishers, considering information technology was, in L'Engle's words, "too different," and "because it deals overtly with the problem of evil, and information technology was actually hard for children, and was it a children'southward or an adults' book, anyhow?"[two] [11]

In "A Special Bulletin from Madeleine L'Engle" on the Random Business firm website, L'Engle offers another possible reason for the rejections: "A Contraction in Fourth dimension had a female protagonist in a science fiction book," which at the fourth dimension was uncommon.[14] Afterwards trying "forty-odd" publishers (Fifty'Engle later said "xx-six rejections"), L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her. Then at Christmas, 50'Engle threw a tea party for her mother. 1 of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and he insisted that L'Engle should meet with him.[fourteen] Although the publisher did not, at the time, publish a line of children's books, Farrar met L'Engle, liked the novel, and ultimately published information technology nether the Ariel banner.[xiv]

In 1963, the book won the Newbery Medal, an annual accolade given by the Association for Library Service to Children, a division of the American Library Association, to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American children's literature. The book has been continuously in impress since its first publication. The hardback edition is still published past Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The original blue dust jacket by Ellen Raskin was replaced with new fine art by Leo and Diane Dillon, with the publication of A Swiftly Tilting Planet in 1978. The book has also been published in a 25th anniversary collectors' edition (limited to 500 signed and numbered copies), at least 2 book society editions (one hardback, one Scholastic Book Services paperback), every bit a trade paperback nether the Dell Yearling imprint, and as a mass market paperback under the Dell Laurel-Foliage imprint. The embrace art on the paperback editions has inverse several times since its first publication.[ commendation needed ]

The volume was reissued by Square Fish in trade and mass marketplace paperback formats in May 2007, forth with the residue of the Time Quintet. This new edition includes a previously unpublished interview with L'Engle as well equally a transcription of her Newbery Medal acceptance speech.[xv]

Plot summary [edit]

One dark, xiii-year-old Meg Murry meets an eccentric new neighbor, Mrs Whatsit, who refers to something called a tesseract. She after finds out it is a scientific concept her male parent was working on before his mysterious disappearance. The following day, Million, her child genius brother Charles, and fellow schoolmate Calvin visit Mrs Whatsit'south home, where the equally foreign Mrs Who and the unseen phonation of Mrs Which promise to help Meg find and rescue her father.

Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Million, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of a tesseract, a 5th-dimensional phenomenon explained every bit folding the fabric of space and time; this form of travel is called tessering. Their beginning end is the planet Uriel, a Utopian world filled with Centaur-similar beings who live in a state of light and honey. The Mrs Ws reveal to the children that the universe is nether set on from an evil existence who appears as a big nighttime deject called The Black Thing, which is substantially the personification of evil. The children are taken to Orion's Belt to visit the Happy Medium, a woman with a crystal ball through which they run across that Earth is partially covered by the darkness, although great religious figures, philosophers, scientists, and artists have been fighting against information technology. Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self-sacrifice to fight the darkness.

The children travel to the dark planet of Camazotz, which has succumbed to the Black Thing and where Meg'southward father is trapped because he would non succumb to the group mind that causes inhabitants to deport in a mechanical way. In society to detect their begetter, Charles Wallace deliberately allows himself to be hypnotized. He takes Meg and Calvin to the place where 1000000's father, Alexander, is existence held prisoner. Charles Wallace then takes them to Information technology, the evil disembodied brain with powerful abilities that controls the planet. Using special powers from Mrs Who's glasses, Alexander tessers Calvin, Meg, and himself to the planet Ixchel before IT can control them all. Charles Wallace is left behind, yet under the influence of IT and Meg is paralyzed from injuries sustained during the trip. An inhabitant of the planet with featureless faces, tentacles and four arms proves to exist both wise and gentle and cures One thousand thousand's paralysis, prompting her to nickname it "Aunt Beast".

The trio of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which arrive and charge Million with rescuing Charles Wallace from It. Arriving at the edifice where IT resides, they find Charles Wallace under IT's influence. Inspired by hints from the Mrs Ws, One thousand thousand focuses all her dear at Charles Wallace and is able to gratuitous him from IT's control. They all then tesser dorsum to Earth and the Mrs Ws get out.

Characters [edit]

Chief characters [edit]

Margaret "Meg" Murry [edit]

Meg is the oldest kid of scientists Alex and Kate Murry, nigh thirteen years one-time. Introduced on the get-go page of the book, she is the story'southward main protagonist One of Kate Murry'south "aberrant" children, she seems to have a temper and a difficult time focusing in school.

Charles Wallace Murry [edit]

Charles Wallace is the youngest Murry child, at six years one-time. Charles Wallace speaks only to his family unit, but can empathically or telepathically read certain people'due south thoughts and feelings.

Calvin O'Keefe [edit]

Calvin is the third oldest of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe'south eleven children: a tall, thin, cherry-red-haired 14-twelvemonth-old high school inferior.

Supernatural characters [edit]

Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which [edit]

Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are immortal beings who can travel across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing. They are capable of shapeshifting, but spend almost of their time on World as elderly women.

Mrs Whatsit [edit]

Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mrs Ws (despite being two,379,152,497 years, viii months, and iii days one-time), and interacts with the children.

Mrs Who [edit]

Mrs Who communicates in Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese, and Greek.She usually quotes a lot.

Mrs Which [edit]

Mrs Which is the leader of the three women and the wisest. She is usually cold to the children.Nevertheless,she makes a mistake during tessering to Camazotz.

Information technology [edit]

Electric current book cover art (2007) past Taeeun Yoo, showing the Mrs Ws (at the left) and the children at the CENTRAL Central Intelligence edifice (at the right).

"It" is the bodiless, telepathic brain that dominates the planet of Camazotz. It is described every bit a giant-sized man brain. While It ordinarily speaks through ane of its pawns, Information technology can speak directly to people via telepathy.

The Black Thing [edit]

The Blackness Matter, a formless, shadowy being, is the source of all evil in the universe.

Secondary characters [edit]

Alex Murry [edit]

Alex Murry, the begetter of the Murry children, is a physicist who is researching the mysteries of the infinite/fourth dimension continuum. At the commencement of the novel, he has been missing for some time.

Dr. Katherine "Kate" Murry [edit]

Katherine Murry, the female parent of the Murry children, is a microbiologist. She is considered cute by the Murry children and others, having "flaming red pilus", creamy pare, and violet eyes with long dark lashes.

Sandy and Dennys Murry [edit]

Sandy and his twin brother Dennys are the heart children in the Murry family, older than Charles Wallace simply younger than Meg. They are ten years old at the time of this volume. The twins are depicted as inseparable from one another. They are the only "normal" and accepted children in the Murry family.

Mrs. Buncombe [edit]

Mrs. Buncombe is the married woman of the constable in Million'southward hometown.

Mr. Jenkins [edit]

Mr. Jenkins is Meg's high-school principal who implies that her family unit is in deprival about Mr. Murry'due south truthful whereabouts.

Supporting alien characters [edit]

Happy Medium [edit]

The Happy Medium is human in appearance. She uses her powers and a crystal ball to look at afar places and people. She lives in a cavern on a planet in Orion's Belt.

Aunt Brute [edit]

Aunt Beast (a proper name created by Million) is a character who nurses and befriends Meg on the planet Ixchel. The grapheme is a four-armed eyeless gray creature with telepathic abilities and numerous long, waving tentacles instead of fingers. The character's actual name, if whatever, is non given.

Analysis [edit]

Religious analysis [edit]

The novel is highly spiritualized, with notable influences of divine intervention and prominent undertones of religious letters.[16] According to scholar James Beasley Simpson, the overwhelming love and want for low-cal within the novel is directly representative of a Christian love for God and Jesus Christ.[16] Furthermore, the children encounter spiritual intervention, signaling God'southward presence in the ordinary, as well as the extendibility of God's power and love.[iv] Madeleine Fifty'Engle'south fantasy works are in part highly expressive of her Christian viewpoint in a manner somewhat like to that of Christian fantasy writer C. Southward. Lewis. She was herself the official author-in-residence at New York City's Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine, which is known for its prominent position in the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church.[17] L'Engle'southward liberal Christianity has been the target of criticism from more conservative Christians, especially with respect to certain elements of A Wrinkle in Time.[xviii]

L'Engle utilizes numerous religious references and allusions in the naming of locations within the novel. The name Camazotz refers to a Mayan bat god, one of L'Engle'southward many mythological allusions in her nomenclature.[19] The name Ixchel refers to a Mayan jaguar goddess of medicine.[19] Uriel is a planet with extremely tall mountains, an allusion to the Archangel Uriel. It is inhabited by creatures that resemble winged centaurs. Information technology is "the third planet of the Star Malak (meaning 'affections' in Hebrew) in the screw nebula Messier 101", which would identify information technology at roughly 21 meg light-years from Earth.[20] The site of Mrs Whatsit'due south temporary transformation into 1 of these winged creatures, it is the place where "the guardian angels bear witness the questers a vision of the universe that is obscured on earth."[xx] The three women are described equally ancient star-beings who act as guardian angels.[20]

The theme of picturing the fight of adept against evil as a battle of light and darkness is a recurring one. Its manner is reminiscent of the prologue to the Gospel of John, which is quoted inside the book.[5] When the Mrs Ws reveal their secret roles in the cosmic fight against darkness, they ask the children to name some figures on Earth, a partially night planet, who fight the darkness. They name Jesus and, later in the discussion, Buddha is named as well.

Nevertheless, religious announcer Sarah Pulliam Bailey doubts whether the novel contains religious undertones.[6] Bailey explains that many readers somehow believe the novel promotes witchcraft, equally opposed to alluding to Christian spirituality.[half-dozen] Bailey states that conservative Christians take crime, due to the novel'south potential relativistic qualities, suggesting the various interpretations of religious allusions signals anti-Christian sentiments.[six] Still, in her personal periodical referencing A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension, 50'Engle confirms the religious content within the novel: "If I've always written a book that says what I feel almost God and the universe, this is it."[6]

Conformity [edit]

Further, the themes of conformity and the status quo are present. IT is a powerful dominant group that manipulates the planet of Camazotz into conformity. Even Charles Wallace falls prey and is hence persuaded to conform. Information technology is thanks to 1000000 that she and her family are able to break from conformity.[21] Co-ordinate to the author's granddaughter Charlotte Jones Voiklis, the story was not a uncomplicated apologue of communism; in a three-page passage that was cut before publication, the process of domination and conformity is said to be an event of dictatorship nether totalitarian regimes and by an excessive desire of security under autonomous countries.[22] [23]

Scholar Jean Fulton writes:

"Fifty'Engle's fiction for young readers is considered important partly because she was among the first to focus directly on the deep, delicate issues that young people must confront, such every bit expiry, social conformity, and truth. 50'Engle's work always is uplifting considering she is able to look at the surface values of life from a perspective of wholeness, both joy and pain, transcending each to uncover the absolute nature of homo experience that they share."[24]

Conformity inside Camazotz [edit]

Camazotz is a planet of extreme, enforced conformity, ruled past a disembodied brain called Information technology. Camazotz is similar to Earth, with familiar copse such as birches, pines, and maples, an ordinary hill on which the children get in, and a boondocks with smokestacks, which "might have been i of any number of familiar towns". The horror of the place arises from its ordinary appearance, incessantly duplicated. The houses are "all exactly alike, small square boxes painted gray", which, according to author Donald Hettinga, signals a comparison to "the burgeoning American suburbia", such equally the post-war housing developments of Levittown, Pennsylvania.[25] The people who alive in the houses are similarly described as "mother figures" who "all gave the appearance of beingness the same". Scholar William Blackburn draws a comparison to "an early sixties American prototype of life in a Communist land", a characterization Blackburn later dismissed.[26]

Feminism [edit]

A Wrinkle in Time has likewise received praise for empowering young female readers.[27] Critics have historic L'Engle's depiction of Meg Murry, a young, precocious heroine whose curiosity and intellect assistance save the earth from evil.[28] The New York Times has described this portrayal every bit "a departure from the typical 'girls' volume' protagonist - as wonderful as many of those varied characters are".[29] In doing so, L'Engle has been credited for paving the way for other bright heroines, including Hermione Granger of the Harry Potter book series, as well as Katniss Everdeen of the Hunger Games trilogy.[28] Regarding her choice to include a female protagonist, L'Engle has stated in her credence speech upon receiving the Margaret Edwards Award "I'm a female. Why would I give all the all-time ideas to a male person?"[28]

Reception [edit]

At the time of the book'due south publication, Kirkus Reviews said: "Readers who relish symbolic reference may find this trip through fourth dimension and space an exhilarating experience; the rest will be forced to ponder the double entendres."[30] According to The Horn Book Magazine: "Here is a confusion of science, philosophy, satire, religion, literary allusions, and quotations that will no dubiety have many critics. I found it fascinating... It makes unusual demands on the imagination and consequently gives great rewards."[31] In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1956 to 1965, librarian Carolyn Horovitz wrote: "At that place is no question just that the book is good entertainment and that the writer carries the story along with a great deal of verve; there is some question about the depth of its quality."[32] In a 2011 essay for Tor.com, American author and critic Mari Ness called A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension "a book that refuses to talk downward to its readers, assertive them able to grasp the hard concepts of mathematics, love and the battle between good and evil. And that'southward quite something."[33]

A 2004 study constitute that A Wrinkle in Time was a common read-aloud book for sixth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[34] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."[35] It was 1 of the "Tiptop 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by Schoolhouse Library Journal.[36]

In 2016, the novel saw a spike in sales later on Chelsea Clinton mentioned it every bit influential in her childhood in a oral communication at the 2016 Autonomous National Convention.[37]

Controversy [edit]

A Wrinkle in Time is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 at number 23.[38] The novel has been accused of being both anti-religious and anti-Christian for its inclusion of witches and crystal balls and for containing "New Age" spiritualist themes that practice not reflect traditional Christian teachings.[39] [xl] According to U.s.a. Today, the novel was challenged in a schoolhouse district in the land of Alabama due to the "book'due south list the name of Jesus Christ together with the names of smashing artists, philosophers, scientists and religious leaders when referring to those who defend Earth against evil."[41] The novel was besides challenged in 1984 past an elementary school in Polk City, Florida when parents claimed that the novel promoted witchcraft.[42]

Regarding this controversy, author Madeleine L'Engle told The New York Times: "Information technology seems people are willing to damn the book without reading it. Nonsense nigh witchcraft and fantasy. First I felt horror, then anger, and finally I said, 'Aw, the hell with information technology.' It's peachy publicity, really."[43]

Adaptations [edit]

Audio books [edit]

In 1994, Listening Library released an unabridged, 4-cassette sound edition read by the author.[44]

On Jan 10, 2012, Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Promise Davis.[45]

Film adaptations [edit]

In 2003, a television adaptation of the novel was made past a collaboration of Canadian production companies, to exist distributed in the United States by Disney. The film was directed by John Kent Harrison, with a teleplay by Susan Shilliday. It stars Katie Stuart every bit Meg Murry, Alfre Woodard every bit Mrs. Whatsit, Alison Elliott as Mrs. Who, and Kate Nelligan as Mrs. Which. In an interview with MSNBC/Newsweek, when L'Engle was asked if the film "met her expectations", she said, "I have glimpsed it... I expected it to be bad, and it is."[46]

A theatrical characteristic film adaptation of the novel, past Walt Disney Pictures, was released in 2018. The film was directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell. Information technology stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Chris Pine, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Storm Reid, Michael Peña, and Zach Galifianakis.[47] [48]

Play [edit]

An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago in 1990, and it returned to the stage in 1998 and 2017.[49]

John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010. It was written for 6 actors playing 12 parts. One actor plays Mrs Whatsit, the Man with Red Optics, and Camazotz Homo. Dr. Kate Murry, Mrs Who, Camazotz Woman, and Aunt Beast also share one performer. The phase adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa, California, with productions in Bethesda, Maryland; Cincinnati; Philadelphia; Orlando; Portland, Oregon; and other cities.[50] [51]

An adaptation by Tracy Immature premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in April 2014, as well every bit at colleges and theaters around the U.South.[52]

Opera [edit]

In 1992, OperaDelaware (known for frequently adapting children'southward books) staged an opera based on A Contraction in Time written by Libby Larsen with a libretto past Walter Green. The review in Philly.com stated: "The composer does not place arias and ready pieces, only conversational ensembles with spoken dialogue that made the immature daughter'due south climactic merely concise song about familial love all the more imposing."[53] [54]

Graphic novel [edit]

In 2010, Promise Larson announced that she was writing and illustrating the official graphic novel version of the book. This version was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in October 2012.[55] [56]

Further reading [edit]

Apropos A Wrinkle in Time [edit]

  • Scholastic BookFiles: A Reading Guide to A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension ISBN 0-439-46364-5
  • Chase, Carole F. Suncatcher: A Study of Madeleine L'Engle and Her Writing, p. 170. Innisfree Press, 1998, ISBN ane-880913-31-3

Encounter also [edit]

  • Tunnel Through Fourth dimension
  • Wormhole

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for children'south writing was inaugurated in 1956, recognizing a single volume published during the preceding ii years. Since the kickoff three renditions—that is, from 1962—it has recognized a living author for a lasting contribution, because his or her consummate works. Nevertheless, a "Runner-Up List" with single book titles was published from 1960 to 1964. [Pages 15–16. This source does non identify those runners-up or report their number.]
    Glistrup, Eva (2002). "One-half a Century of the Hans Christian Andersen Awards". The Hans Christian Andersen Awards, 1956–2002. International Board on Books for Young People. Gyldendal. 2002. Pages xiv–21. Hosted past Austrian Literature Online (literature.at). Retrieved 2013-07-22.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "A contraction in time". LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-x-30.
  2. ^ a b L'Unji, Madeleine (2007). "Get Fish: Questions for the Author", A Contraction in Time. New York: Square fish. p. 236. ISBN978-0-312-36754-1.
  3. ^ Hunt, Carole F. (1998). Suncatcher: A Written report of Madeleine L'Engle And Her Writing. Philadelphia: Innisfree Press, Inc. p. 170. ISBN1-880913-31-three.
  4. ^ a b c Thomas. (2006). Fifty'engle, Madeleine. In E. Thou. Dowling, & W. Thousand. Scarlett (Eds.), Encyclopedia of religious and spiritual development. Thou Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagersd/l_engle_madeleine/0
  5. ^ a b Cullinan, B. E. (2005). 50'engle, Madeleine. In B. E. Cullinan, & D. G. Person (Eds.), Continuum encyclopedia of children's literature. London, Britain: Continuum. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/kidlit/l_engle_madeleine/0
  6. ^ a b c d due east Bailey, Sarah Pulliam. "Publishers rejected her, Christians attacked her: The deep faith of 'A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension' author Madeleine L'Engle." Washington Post, viii Mar. 2018. Biography In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A530261696/BIC?u=wash43584&sid=BIC&xid=a8c7637d. Accessed 29 Nov. 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Martin, Douglas (September eight, 2007). "Madeleine L'Engle, Writer of Children's Classics, Is Expressionless at 88". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  8. ^ "fourteen Things to Know About Madeleine L'Engle'due south Life and Legacy « - Smith college Role of Alumnae Relations Smith College Office of Alumnae Relations". alumnae.smith.edu . Retrieved Apr 24, 2019.
  9. ^ L'Engle, Madeleine (1987). A Wrinkle in Time, 25th Anniversary Collectors' Edition (Express ed.). ikNew York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. viii–ix.
  10. ^ L'Engle, Madeleine (January 1971). A Circle of Placidity. ISBN0-374-12374-eight.
  11. ^ a b L'Engle, Madeleine (1972). A Circle of Tranquillity . New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 5–6, 21, 66, 217–218. ISBN0-374-12374-eight.
  12. ^ Melcher, Michael (September eight, 2007). "What I Learned from Madeleine L'Engle". HuffPost . Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d "Series". US Macmillan . Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c L'Engle, Madeleine (2004). "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle". Teachers @ Random: A Wrinkle in Time. Random Firm, Inc. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  15. ^ "Information technology's Time to Read A Contraction in Time". Square Fish Books. 2007. Archived from the original on March three, 2007. Retrieved March i, 2007.
  16. ^ a b Humankind - Organized religion - Spirituality. (1988). In J. B. Simpson, Simpson's contemporary quotations. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/simpsons/humankind_religion_spirituality/0
  17. ^ Chan, Sewell (November 30, 2008). "Repaired Later on Fire, Cathedral Reopens". The New York Times.
  18. ^ Hettinga, Donald (1998), "A Wrinkle in Faith: The unique spiritual pilgrimage of Madeleine L'Engle", Books & Culture: A Christian Review, Christianity today
  19. ^ a b Stott, Jon (Fall 1977). "Midsummer Night's Dreams: Fantasy and Self-Realization in Children'southward Fiction". The Lion and the Unicorn. one (ii): 25–39. doi:10.1353/uni.0.0401. S2CID 145776252. ; cited in Hettinga, pp. 27, thirty.
  20. ^ a b c Hettinga, p. 26
  21. ^ Fulton, Jean C (2002). "A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension". In Kelleghan, Fiona (ed.). Classics of Scientific discipline Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Vol. 2. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. pp. 597–98. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ...the importance of both individual initiative and family interaction is a thematic thread. L'Engle made both the Murry adults highly talented, both intellectually and scientifically. This was atypical of fiction published in the 1950s, when the volume was written. Female characters rarely were featured as intellectuals or scientists. Fifty'Engle has been praised for this departure as well as for her creation of strong female person characters. Critics even suggested that in making Meg the protagonist in A Wrinkle in Time, 50'Engle opened the door for the many female protagonists who have appeared in more contempo fantasy and science fiction.
  22. ^ "A wrinkle in fourth dimension excerpt". The Wall Street Periodical.
  23. ^ Maloney, Jennifer (April 16, 2015). "A New 'Contraction in Time'". The Wall Street Journal.
  24. ^ Fulton, Jean C. (2002). "A Wrinkle in Time". In Fiona Kelleghan (ed.). Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Vol. 2. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. p. 596. Archived from the original on January three, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2012. Madeleine L'Engle's view of the universe was changed by the work of such well-known physicists as Albert Einstein and Max Planck. She expressed her new perspective in A Contraction in Time...
  25. ^ Hettinga, Donald R. (1993). Presenting Madeleine L'Engle . New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 27. ISBN0-8057-8222-two.
  26. ^ Blackburn, William (1985). "Madeleine L'Engle'due south A Wrinkle in Time: Seeking the Original Face". Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children's Literature. 1: 125. ; cited in Hettinga, pp. 27.
  27. ^ Doll, Jen (January 30, 2017). "eleven Young-Adult Books for Stoking the Feminist Fire". The Strategist . Retrieved Apr 29, 2019.
  28. ^ a b c Escobar, Natalie. "The Remarkable Influence of A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension". Smithsonian . Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  29. ^ Paul, Pamela (January 27, 2012). "'A Wrinkle in Time' and Its Sci-Fi Heroine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved Apr 29, 2019.
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External links [edit]

  • Madeleine L'Engle (madeleinelengle.com)
  • A Wrinkle in Fourth dimension reviewed at The Open up Critic
  • A Wrinkle in Time title listing at the Cyberspace Speculative Fiction Database
  • A Contraction in Time (Goggle box) (mini) at IMDb
  • Official book site for the May 2007 release.
Awards
Preceded by

The Statuary Bow

Newbery Medal recipient
1963 		Succeeded by

It's Similar This, Cat

bowmansaund1960.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time

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